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Specifically, this consumption factor has been calculated and it is the number The estimated one billion people who live in developed countries have a relative per capita consumption rate of Most of the worlds other 5.
A third element which plays an important role in this framework becoming, change, time, and space , and in which the lives of human beings are regulated by the two clocks, is represented by the population growth rate. Population growth rate PGR is the increase in a countrys population during a period of time, usually one year, expressed as a percentage of the population at the start of that period.
It reflects the number of births and deaths during the period and the number of people migrating to and from a country. Between and the total world population grew from 4. By , at least another billion people will be added for a total of more than 7 billion. In , 85 percent of the worlds people more than 4 out of 5 lived in low- and middle-income countries; by , it will be 6 out of 7 The World Bank Group. This is because our Earth, being a living element in itself, has a backward clock, too.
As more people will have more needs, will the Earth be able to provide for them all? How will human beings belonging to different groups and living in diverse regions of this planet organize themselves in order to set both clocks which symbolize and quantify our presence on this our planet?
It is in answering to these ques-. It is between the learned3 and the then future symbolized by the two opposing clocks which mark the times, and encapsulated inside the becoming, change, time, and space notions that human existence has always been organized, and has moved and struggled to survive and to secure itself. It is a struggle that, during the existence of we human beings, has moved between times of security, peace and war and, in this respect, we have organized ourselves as a family, a group, a tribe, a nation and a state, and forged, when necessary, alliances among us with the primary purpose of acquiring and maintaining peace and then of securing our survival.
This is the case now for a particular military alliance which was formed among states during a distinct historical moment and that had a very specific purpose in defending its members from a well-defined enemy. The problem is that the defined enemy has disappeared due to natural causes and not as a consequence of war. Very briefly, his backward clock has stopped ticking, but the alliance has survived him.
In theory, the evaporation of the enemy which had supplied the main founding and original reason for the establishment of the alliance should have provoked the dissolution of the military bloc. In practice this did not happen and in order to survive to its historical end the alliance has substituted its main raison dtre, specifically its defence military and ideologically from a unique enemy, with the ability to confront the existing and emerging 21st century security threats Bucharest Summit Declaration, Securing our future NATO's 60th anniversary official web site was the motto selected to condense the activities of NATO at its 60th anniversary, and my purpose in this paper is to focus on the Alliances recent narrative which has permitted the Organisation to reinvent itself, to define a new geopolitical context of interests and military operations, and then to proclaim an own production and interpretation of the concept of security.
For my purpose, I will construct and deal with what I consider my picture of the NATO geopolitical-narrative framework, which will enclose the main elements of narrative: the author, the imaginary, the reality and the model reader.
Then I will explain the function of my NATO geopolitical-narrative framework and at the end I will challenge this picture and its raison dtre assuming a position outside the geopolitical-narrative framework.
Using various ontological questions, I will try to demonstrate the cultural relativism of the NATO approach and how security can be considered an idiosyncratic concept. Now I would like to start with my methodology. I have based my methodological approach on the assumption that Security is the move that takes politics beyond the established rules of the game and frame the issue either as a special kind of politics or as above politics.
Securitization can thus be seen as a more extreme version of politicization. In theory, any public issue can be located on the spectrum ranging from non-politicized meaning the state does not deal with it and it is not in any other way made an issue of public debate and decision through politicized meaning the issue is part of public policy, requiring government decision and resource allocations or, more rarely, some other form of communal governance to securitized meaning the issue is presented as an existential threat, requiring emergency measures and justifying action outside the normal bounds of political procedure Buzan, Waever, de Wilde, , p.
Then it is extremely clear how the process of securitization becomes a political process in which the narrative has its primary importance. According to him, the passage from the solid into a liquid phase of modernity is a condition in which social forms can no longer keep their shape for long because they decompose and melt faster than the time it takes to cast them, and once they are cast for them to set.
The process of securitization is what in language theory is called a speech act. It is not interesting as a sign referring to something more real; it is the utterance itself that is the act. By saying the words, something is done like betting, giving a promise, naming a ship Buzan, Weaver, de Wilde, , p. But whereas by saying the words, something is done, in this specific case of securitization, when we use the very word security, something more is done: an emotional element has been added to the narrative.
Here I will use a discourse analysis lens because discourse analysis represents a general term for a number of approaches to analysing written, spoken, signed language use or any significant semiotic event. Indeed, I could say that like Don Quixote and Sancho Panza the two fictional figures of the famous book of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra our condition is to be completely surrounded and immersed into stories. Stories which are told to us through the use of a language, images, media, etc However, the story can be a language because language itself conditions, limits, and predetermines what we see.
Language does not record reality; it shapes and creates it, so that the whole of our universe is textual Barry, Moreover, when we look at our capacity to memorize, neuroscience has proved that the brain has two memory systems, one for ordinary facts and one for emotionally charged ones Goleman, , and indeed our brain is formed by two opposite hemispheres, the right and the left one.
I can then say that we can be at the same time both Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Furthermore, on the result of how external events are perceived and memorized, we build up our personal map brain map of our perceptions, which create a state and drive our behaviour. According to Ernest Cassirer, humankind, in order to adjust itself to the immediate environment mentally, and through its capacity to imagine, is capable of creating a new dimension of reality, defined as a symbolic system.
He lives rather in the midst of imaginary emotions, in hopes and fears, in illusions and disillusions, in his fantasies and dreams Cassirer, The securitization performance represents a very particular case: The difference between normal challenges and threats to national security necessarily occurs on a spectrum of threats that ranges from trivial and routine, through serious but routine, to drastic and unprecedented.
The labelling of an issue as a security problem by the government automatically legitimises the use of exceptional means. Buzan, , p. Why do we arrive at this result? The explanation is in the fact that we are using an emotional word which has emotional consequences. The English word emotion5 is derived from the French word mouvoir. This is based on the Latin emovere, where e- variant of ex- means out and movere means move.
The related term motivation is also derived from the word movere. Also in the title of this paper, I use three specific words: keeping, peace, and security, and, etymologically speaking, the three refer to emotional states.
The verb to keep Penguin English Dictionary, means to retain possession or control of something; or to cause somebody or something to remain in a specified place or condition. At the same time, as a noun, keep means a castle, fortress, or fortified tower. Peace Penguin English Dictionary, too carries emotional characteristics. Peace means a state of tranquillity or quiet and among its meaning connotes public order and security maintained by law or custom.
But the word which is central to our study is security Penguin English Dictionary, freedom from danger, fear, anxiety, destitution, etc. B such feelings considered collectively. However, there is a difference between anxiety and fear.
While anxiety is a generalized mood condition that occurs without an identifiable triggering stimulus and is the result of threats that are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, on the contrary, fear occurs in the presence of an observed threat and is related to the specific behaviour of escape and avoidance.
Then in the case of anxiety, this can be provoked by a stimulus without the presence of a real material threat. Anxiety is more stressful than fear therefore human beings tend to transform anxieties to fear in order to avoid this stress. Therefore, there is a strong relationship between who triggers the stimulus, the receiver of the stimulus, and the space in which the stimulus is broadcast.
What I have been constructing so far is a representation of a space which operates both at a geographical and emotional level, and which frames our perception of reality making the emotional aspects prevail.
This space is what Cassirer Cassirer, calls the symbolic space: because of his capacity to create signs and symbols which help him to interact with reality, the human being then, no longer a positivist rational animal, becomes an animal symbolicum, and, as such, lives in a symbolic space, and this is a space which frames even his capacity of imagination.
And it is the peculiarity of the construction of this symbolic space through the use of the media of mass communication that the nature of the animal symbolicum, as producer and consumer of myths, evolve in the image of the homo videns. With the publication of Homos Videns Television and post-thinking, the author Giovanni Sartori, who teaches Political Science at the New Yorks Columbia University, shed light on the fact that with the advent of the television we were entering in a new political era characterized by what he calls the post-thinking: the inability to think.
It is the primacy of the image and the manipulation of public opinion through TV which leads us to see and watch, but without being able to understand, that represent the new challenges democracy faces nowadays under the influence of the television and more in general of the media. It is, therefore, a purely theoretical concept, which did not correspond to any real objectivity in the eyes of most ordinary citizens or Roman soldiers. The secura person was thus at the origin of the sine cure individual, that is without anxieties, without worries, and then free from thoughts or anxieties.
The safety condition, therefore, is conceived as the absence of something: it is a condition that could be called 'of default'. Campacci, , p. In a world where the image has completely replaced the word, the human capacity of abstraction has been reduced. The words that articulate human language are symbols which call in representations that recall to the mind depictions and images of visible things that we have seen.
This is the case with the use of concrete words, as the case for house, bed, table, wife, etc. However this is not the case with abstract words which do not have any equivalent in visible things, and their meaning is far from been depicted by an image. We can visualise city, but what about nation, sovereign people, bureaucracy, and an abstract word as security?
All of them are both abstract concepts elaborated and entity constructed by our mind. As Sartori points out, the whole of our physical and chemical control on nature, as our capacity to create and manage the political-economical habitat is based on our capacity to think in terms of concepts that are invisible and non-existent to the human eye. In this primacy of the image over the word represented by abstract concepts, and myths , where, through the TV, the image deletes concepts, our capacity of abstraction becomes atrophied and with it our ability to understand.
The image that we see or perceive in reality doesnt produce ideas, but inserts itself in a space of ideas which provide it with framework and meaning. The image itself does not give any intelligibility. The image must be explained and the explanation that comes from the video is insufficient. The seeing is atrophying the understanding.
Sartori, , p. It is in this process, that is, in atrophying the capacity of abstraction of the homo sapiens, that the human being becomes homo videns.
In it we should go back to the division between signal and symbol operated by Cassirer on the Pavlovs dog experiment. It is in dealing with security issues and the importance that this topic has for the polis, that the above process is linked to the political discourse and more than ever in our times where democracy has been defined as a government of public opinion Dicey, Public opinion is doxa, and not episteme, knowledge and science.
For the common man knowledge is not a priority, notes Sartori Sartori, , p. Opinion is simply a point of view; a subjective opinion for which no proof is asked. It is in the construction of public opinion that the invention, use, and manipulation of an image far from the original literal meaning that it represents for politicians becomes a game in which their own power is at stake.
A structured game where the publics conditioned reflex and reflex behaviour are compressed between a positive image myth which can be security, order, etc. And in this game, the political discourse could even become, at its extreme, an empty script that appears as a myth that in its turn provides a temporal meaning and purpose to the original political discourse.
A political discourse where the myth acts, continuously referring to the contra-myth, both as signal and symbol to produce conditioned reflexes, and reflex behaviours on the voters which can sustain political decisions. The man who loses the capacity of abstraction is eo ipso, incapable of rationality, and therefore a symbolic animal that is no longer in the position to sup7 The classic experience of Pavlov is that of the dog, the bell and the salivation to the view of a piece of meat.
Whenever we present to the dog a piece of meat, seeing and sniffing it and makes the animal salivate. If we ring a bell, what is the effect on the animal? An orienting reaction. It simply looks around and turns its head to look for where that sound stimulus comes from. If we repeatedly ring the bell, and immediately after show the meat and give it to the dog, after a certain number of times, simply ringing the bell provokes salivation in the animal, preparing its digestive system to receive the meat.
The bell becomes a sign of the meat that will come later. The whole body of the animal reacts as if the meat was already present, with salivation, digestive secretions, digestive motricity, etc. A stimulus that has nothing to do with feeding, a mere sound, becomes then capable to induce digestive modifications. Cassirer, p. Thus, security and the securitization process develop into an emotional space in which organisms are becoming anxious not to mention about the possibility to construct a canine devotion as the Pavlovs dog case.
I call this symbolic space a geopolitical-narrative framework, the space where the process of Securitization becomes a more extreme version of politicization Buzan, Waever, de Wilde, , p. This means that a geopolitical-narrative-framework is a physical and intellectual-symbolic space as a hermeneutical circle , in which emotions and perceptions are elaborated through a narrative narrative is a re-presentation of real or invented events , in order to produce a particular image and meaning to be attached to the word security.
As a result, the emotional state of the reader depends on the opinion-narrative of others. The Geopolitical-Narrative Framework as an Interpretative Dimension I consider the whole of NATOs slogan Securing our Future as a narrative in which not only the written texts and the official speeches are its component body, but where even summits, pictures, and exhibitions are considered as vital elements in the construction and performance of a security ritual-liturgy.
Narrative, according to Paul Cobley is a movement from a start point to an end point, with digressions, which involves the showing or the telling of story events. Narrative is a representation of events and, chiefly, represents space and time Cobley, , p. My Geopolitical-Narrative Framework GPNF is essentially this representation of space, time, and emotions as they are produced and spread by NATO to its readers the model reader, and the non-model reader.
In brief, this GPNF is, in my opinion, the result of the narrating actions in which time, space, perceptions, anxieties, and threats have been produced and re-produced so far by the narrative itself, with the aim of assembling a cultural artefact a cultural practice traceable to a particular historical context concerned with shaping the politics of security Williams, , p.
Even if a narrative can be seen as a story or a plot, in reality this is not the case: Story consists of all the events which are to be depicted. Plot is the chain of causation which dictates that these events are somehow linked and that they are therefore to be depicted in relation to each other. Narrative is the showing or the telling of these events and the mode selected for that to take place Cobley, , p.
Thus, in this GPNF where a secure-insecure narrative is produced, what is im, portant is first knowing who the teller is, then the showing, and the process of selecting certain events, and, of course, the reader himself who has to interpret the narrative text. It is the practical expression of effective collective effort among its members in support of their common interests NATO's official web site.
What does it in actual fact do? Its main raison dtre is military defence: NATO is committed to defending its member states against aggression or the threat of aggression and to the principle that an attack against one or several members would be considered as an attack against all.
This in brief is the main essence of Art. NATO then becomes an ethos because it is the only winning defence military organization and military structure which has survived the end of the Cold War and the implosion of the Soviet Empire. Its ethos is in the historical fact that the ideals that characterize the NATO community, nations, or ideology, have won over time.
Since the implosion of the Soviet Union - which personified the enemy against which NATO defence was constructed - the Organization, as an author, has assembled various reasons to postpone the backward clock and reinforce its ethos. The monolithic, massive and potentially immediate threat which was the principal concern of the Alliance in its first forty years has disappeared. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council.
Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security North Atlantic Treaty, NATO's official web site. In rhetoric, ethos is one of the three artistic proofs or modes of persuasion other principles being logos and pathos discussed by Aristotle in 'Rhetoric' as a component of argument. Speakers must establish ethos from the start.
This can involve moral competence only; Aristotle, however, broadens the concept to include expertise and knowledge. Ethos is limited, in his view, by what the speaker says. After the adoption of the NATOs Strategic Concept, the Alliance has reasserted its indispensable role to play in consolidating and preserving the positive changes of the recent past, and in meeting current and future security challenges.
It has, therefore, a demanding agenda. It must safeguard common security interests in an environment of further, often unpredictable change The Alliance's Strategic Concept, NATO's official web site. NATOs journey into the realm of future and its supposed or pretended management of the future as a reflexive security Vedby Rasmussen, sounds to me as an hermeneutical circle in which the management of security becomes the management of risk, then the management of the future, and as a result the management of anxiety.
Apparently NATO is not the only authority in this declarative-performative activity which has become the process of securitization of the future. Another actor has been involved successfully for centuries, even before the establishment of NATO, in the management of risk.
And this actor very recently has been engaged in the NATO narrative. Because, if we talk about the management of the risk, we talk about the calculus of probability, and then, elementary, my dear Watson, we cant forget to mention Lloyds of London.
Lloyds joined the group of NATO authors. And Lord Levene of Portsoken, chairman of Lloyd's of London, remarked: Until now, energy security has felt like a very high level geopolitical problem. One which is best left to governments and strategists, and something that is very far removed from the boardroom. There is certainly no doubt that energy security is a very complex subject. But with a more dynamic global operating environment affecting almost all of us, at Lloyds we believe that it is an issue of increasing importance for boards everywhere.
A former US defence secretary said: Instead of energy security, we shall have to acknowledge and to live with various degrees of insecurity. To some extent, perhaps we are already doing this, whether we recognise it or not. Todays businesses typically face an increasingly complex supply chain, a growing presence in emerging markets, energy bills which are oscillating wildly, and growing pressure to think green. For all these reasons, energy security is no longer an issue about which business leaders can risk being in ignorance Levene, Can we say that in this operation in which NATO and Lloyds come together we are witnessing a mnage trois: the market-state10 , its insurance company and a military structure?
To facilitate the process, the Secretary General appointed a group of twelve experts selected from large and small NATO members and representing a combination of insiders and outsiders, including from the private sector, think tanks and the academic community. Undoubtedly, the presence of Mr. Therefore, it can be perfectly comprehensible as representative of a particular interest on the topic of energy and energy security.
Such a state depends on the international capital markets and, to a lesser degree, on the modern multinational business network to create stability in the world economy, in preference to management by national or transnational political bodies. Whereas the nation-state justified itself as an instrument to serve the welfare of the people the nation , the market-state exists to maximize the opportunities enjoyed by all members of society Bobbit, , p.
The article states that industry leaders, including those from Lloyd's, have been involved in the current process to develop NATO's new guiding charter, the Strategic Concept; indeed, the vice-chair of the group is the former chief executive of Shell, Jeroen van der Veer.
Levene and Fogh Rasmussen, Again, we can appreciate the particular sensibility on linking management of risk-future to energy interests, and the establishment of the official liaison between NATO and insurance. At the Lloyds live debate Managing Risk in the 21st Century, leading experts discussed piracy, cyber security and climate change for an audience of more than insurance executives, risk managers and business leaders.
In the modern era, we are able to form new alliances to fight our common threats. We need to speed up our response, said Ward. This calls for a combination of visionary policies, thinking the unthinkable and pragmatism- finding ways to mitigate and adjust to a new reality. All the above was summarized in May into the analysis and recommendations of the group of experts on a new strategic concept for NATO: NATO Assured Security; Dynamic Engagement: Threats to the interests of the Alliance come from the outside, but the organisations vigour could as easily be sapped from within.
The increasing complexity of the global political environment has the potential to gnaw away at Alliance cohesion; economic headaches can distract attention from security needs; old rivalries could resurface; and the possibility is real of a damaging imbalance between the military contributions of some members and that of others. NATO states cannot allow twenty-first century dangers to do what past perils could not: divide their leaders and weaken their collective resolve.
I decided to call the whole production of NATOs perception of threats, which goes under the slogan of Securing our Future, as a no-imaginary map where the pathos is constructed. As we noted, pathos is one of the three modes of persuasion used in Aristotles rhetoric, and as a communication technique it is used to produce emotional appeal. As I will show, this emotional appeal is provoked through the use of metaphor, or story telling.
And to be sure, this story telling is the result of the overlapping of a NATO discourse with a NATO map, which, capturing the attention and the readers sympathies and emotions, is capable of producing that pathos which causes an audience not just to respond emotionally but to identify with the writer's point of view -- to feel what the writer feels.
The challenges we are looking at today cut across the divide between the public and the private sectors Fogh Rasmussen, the NATO Secretary General said. Furthermore, his speech embraced the following pretexts for NATO interventions. As Rick Rozoff pointed out in a article, none of the seventeen developments mentioned can even remotely be construed as a military threat and certainly not one posed by recognized state actors Rozoff, According to General, the impact of these Emerging Security Challenges on NATO will produce security and military implications: The Security Implications are: rethinking Article ; enhancing and creating new partnerships; expanded opportunities to positively shape and influence ideas, values, and events and changes in military operations: technological vulnerabilities.
While as Military Implications, NATO will have to: adapt to the demands of hybrid; adapt force structures, doctrine to train other nations security forces; adapt C2 and organizational structures; enhance WMD detection and Consequence Management; 11 As one of my commentator correctly highlighted: Not to mention the link between the reformulation-rethinking of art.
If we overlap General Soligans presentation with the speech of the NATO Secretary General, we will see that not only the main points regarding the possible security challenges are the same but, at geopolitical level, the threats Multiple Stress Zone are all outside the territories of NATO countries. If, until the implosion of the Soviet Union, the terminology of the balance of power, nuclear weapons, the Soviet Union, and the communist enemy was framed in a defence vernacular, now - with the disappearance of a concrete, identifiable and definable enemy - the foe becomes a situation Multiple Stress Zone in which the particular interests of NATO countries are at risk.
Securing Our Future re-represents the old Cold War Manichean dichotomy between us normally the good ones and the others which can represent the threat to our interests. To sum up, it is NATO itself which tells us that we are dealing with a narrative.
It is in this reasoned discourse, which I consider the reality of the discourse itself, that the real purpose and intention of the narrative are revealed. If one of the military implications for NATO is to win the battle of narrative, then the main argument, the logos, has been constructed accordingly a commercial-market approach.
NATO, in its efforts, to regain an image which is more believable to face potentials new threats, and with the aim of maintaining a narrative which justifies its aesthetic surgery, the alliance has relied on two elements: 1. The quality of adapting to new tasks whilst staying true to ones own principles is something which business analysts qualify as the Madonna-curve.
This curve is named after the legendary pop-diva who reinvented herself each time her style and stardom went into inevitable decline, but whose audacity has lifted her up to ever higher levels of relevance and fame van Ham, According Peter van Hams article, NATO, to be successful, needs a package-deal of painful compromises, where each member state has to give and take.
These painful compromises could be: 1. First, allies need to find a workable consensus about the legitimacy of using military force in non-article 5 operations i. In a way, this has been the most controversial, unresolved issue of the strategic concept, which has gained even greater relevance with the US invasion of Iraq and the American doctrine of preventive wars.
Second, choices must be made regarding NATOs future as a defence organisation. Obviously, collective defence remains the backbone of the Alliance. But what does this mean in an era where energy cut-offs and cyber- terrorism are the preferred lines of attack? The fact that we simply forget this indicates that the Alliance needs to rethink the nature of collective defence, its responses, and the importance of retooling its operational kit to address new security challenges more effectively.
NATOs military operations suggest a new strategy of forward defence, where allied interests and values are protected at the Hindukush. But with energy security topping the agenda and relations with Russia at freezing point, the true, and possibly novel, meaning of Article 5 requires serious collective thought. Since numerous NATO member states remain reluctant to risk life and limb in these dangerous missions, the Alliance risks becoming a coalition of the willing, which would undermine internal solidarity, and hence NATOs raison d'tre.
If NATO chooses to go truly global, it must draw global partners closer to the organization, and clarify their rights and obligations under new and transparent rules of the game.
Fourth, confronting NATOs strategic choices and dilemmas head-on will have a cleansing effect within the Alliance. Here, we can appreciate a chronological approach to its narrative adaptation. The first official change happened with the approval of the NATO New Strategic Concept signed April 24th in which two specific articles mention the possibility to have the NATO countries interests jeopardized by critical-security threats Dannreuther, , p.
With this NATO Strategic Concept, the Alliance started developing a role in collective security Gulnur, 99 and Articles 20 and 24 are very clear examples of linking threat-instability-interests:.
The other two moments were embodied by two specific initiatives which confirmed the inseparable link between energy security, global war on terror and a new NATO geopolitical map. The other, promoted by Jamie Shea, Director of Policy Planning, saw the possibility for the creation of a NATO Energy Security and Intelligence Analysis Cell responsible for the gathering of information on terrorism and energy security from various sources Shea, I cannot see the importance of Georgia in NATO without thinking about the strategic and economic importance of the various pipelines which, crossing the territory of Georgia, carry energy resources from Central Asia.
Despite American pressure on this initiative other Alliance countries understood that in case of troubles in Georgia as was the case in Aug resolution was not through military means, something which in reality happened. The last historical moment in the construction of this narrative and which can be regarded as the accomplishment of changes requested by the Madonna Curve is represented by the recent NATO Strategic Concept approved in Lisbon on Nov 10th, NNSC The modern security environment contains a broad and evolving set of challenges to the security of NATOs territory and populations.
In order to assure their security, the Alliance must and will continue fulfilling effectively three essential core tasks, all of which contribute to safeguarding Alliance members, and always in accordance with international law:. Ucakseverler icin mukemmel bir oyun. Demo surumunde bir gorev ve iki adet egitim bolumu yer almaktadir. Multiplayer cok oyunculu oyunu desteklemeyen Master of the Skies: The Red Acei satin aldiginizda;25 goreve ve 3 kampaFransa, Belcika ve Afrikada ucus hakkina4 savas suresi muzik parcalalarinaRoketleri ve bombalari kullanabilme hakkinaDort farkli ucak kullanma hakkina erismis olacaksiniz.
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