Revista okapi pdf

Unfollow Follow Unblock. Other Affiliations:. Los otros contaminantes que cambian el clima more. La mayoria de las iniciativas para aminorar el calentamiento global incluyen la reduccion de las emisiones de dioxido de carbono.

Se ha prestado poca atencion a la reduccion de las emisiones de las particulas que absorben luz, conocidas Se ha prestado poca atencion a la reduccion de las emisiones de las particulas que absorben luz, conocidas como carbono negro o de los gases precursores del ozono, a pesar de que seria mas facil, mas barata y tendria un efecto mas inmediato. Evolution of the Analysis of Federalism more. This essay places the eight country case studies of federalism, economic reforms, and globalization available as SCID working papers in context.

We trace the evolution of the literature on federalism from its early focus on the We trace the evolution of the literature on federalism from its early focus on the design of fiscal arrangements to achieve efficient outcomes in a world of benevolent social planners and closed economies to later work relaxing these assumptions and exploring different policy areas.

The essay also discusses the motivating questions for the collection of case studies. Reforming the Indian Electricity Supply Industry more. Publication Date: This monograph is part of a larger investigation of the political economy of institutional reform in Latin America undertaken by the Latin American Research Network.

It examines some hypotheses about what can be done to improve the It examines some hypotheses about what can be done to improve the chances for successful institutional change. The Other Climate Changers more. Economics and Foreign Affairs. Federalism and Economic Reform more.

This collection focuses on the ways in which federalism has affected and been affected by economic reform, especially global integration.

The editors and contributors focus in particular on the political economy of institutional and The editors and contributors focus in particular on the political economy of institutional and economic change - how the division of authority between national and subnational governments shapes debates over policy changes, as well as how the changing economic environment creates incentives to modify the basic agreements between levels of governments.

Figura 3. Okapi Tools: la navaja suiza del traductor. Entrevista a Carlos Gancedo y Julia Pozuelo. Redes Sociales. Gestionar consentimiento. Cerrar Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.

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Steenbok R. Buru babirusa B. Cerdo gigante del bosque H. Cerdo pigmeo P. Cerdo salvaje P. Cerdo barbudo de Palawan S. Llama L. Hombre en ZooParc de Beauval. Okapia Lankester , Okapia johnstoni PL Sclater , Okapia Okapi O. Moschus Ciervo almizclero de Anhui M. Hyemoschus Agua chevrotain H. Chital eje A. Venado de Eld P. Alces Alce A. Reno R. Addax A. Kobus Antelope K. Aepyceros Impala A. Pelea Rhebok gris P. Beatragus Hirola B. Takin B. Nilgai B. Saola P. Tragelaphus incluido kudus Sitatunga T.

Blackbuck A. Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the neck. Open Sci. Ratan, A. Assembly algorithms for next-generation sequence data. Pennsylvania State Univ. Thesis Li, H. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25 , — Birney, E. GeneWise and Genomewise. Genome Res. Chikhi, R. Informed and automated k-mer size selection for genome assembly. Bioinformatics 30 , 31—37 Luo, R. SOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler.

Gigascience 1 , 18 Edgar, R. Nucleic Acids Res. Guindon, S. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Yang, Z. PAML 4: phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. Zhang, J. Evaluation of an improved branch-site likelihood method for detecting positive selection at the molecular level. Anisimova, M. Multiple hypothesis testing to detect lineages under positive selection that affects only a few sites.

Accuracy and power of bayes prediction of amino acid sites under positive selection. Bayes empirical bayes inference of amino acid sites under positive selection. Thomas, P. PANTHER: a browsable database of gene products organized by biological function, using curated protein family and subfamily classification.

Bedoya-Reina, O. Galaxy tools to study genome diversity. Gigascience 2 , 17 Blankenberg, D. Galaxy: a web-based genome analysis tool for experimentalists. Chapter Unit 19 , 1—21 Shannon, P. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks.

Download references. We thank David Hunter, Penn State University, for advice on the statistical analysis of unique substitutions. Morris Agaba, Webb C. Miller, Barbara C. McGrath, Chelsea N. Hudson, Oscar C.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Douglas R. Reprints and Permissions. Agaba, M. Nat Commun 7, Download citation. Received : 30 November Accepted : 01 April Published : 17 May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

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Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Animal physiology Evolutionary genetics Sequencing. Results Genome sequencing and de novo assembly The whole-genome sequence of two Masai giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Comparative genome analysis To identify changes that potentially underlie these unique morphological and physiological adaptations, we analysed the coding sequences of orthologous genes in giraffe, okapi and cattle.

Figure 1: Divergence of giraffe and okapi from a common ancestor. Full size image. Figure 3: Giraffe genes and pathways exhibiting extraordinary divergence and patterns of amino acid substitutions. Discussion Genes regulating fundamental aspects of development and physiology are highly conserved among major mammalian taxa 48 , Figure 4: Gene cluster analysis of genes that exhibit evidence of adaptive evolution in giraffe.

Quality control and genome coverage Interspecies variant nucleotides were identified as follows. De novo assembly First, TruSeq adapters from mate-pair data were removed using Nesoni default parameters v0. Alignments and gene trees Before aligning sequences, tblastn was run on each sequence against corresponding cow protein RefSeq sequence downloaded from Ensembl.

Positive selection analyses To test for signatures of positive selection acting on giraffe lineage for each of the genes, we compared the likelihood scores of selection models implemented in CODEML in the PAML package, version 4. Evaluation of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions The mappings between giraffe—okapi nucleotide difference and the reference assembly allowed us to predict amino-acid difference in the case of nonsynonymous protein-coding differences as follows.

Additional information Accession codes: Sequence data for G. References 1 Mitchell, G.